# Commonly used auxotrophic markers

**URL:** <https://community.alliancegenome.org/t/commonly-used-auxotrophic-markers/7338>\
**Category:** Strain collections\
**Created:** [November 16, 2023, 6:53pm UTC](https://community.alliancegenome.org/t/commonly-used-auxotrophic-markers/7338 "2023-11-16T18:53:36Z")\
**Posts on this page:** 1\
**Page:** 1

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**Author:** ![stacia](https://community.alliancegenome.org/user_avatar/community.alliancegenome.org/stacia/32/424_2.png) [@stacia](https://community.alliancegenome.org/u/stacia)\
**Post date:** [November 16, 2023, 6:53pm UTC](https://community.alliancegenome.org/t/commonly-used-auxotrophic-markers/7338/1 "2023-11-16T18:53:36Z")

</div>

| Allele | Deleted ORF? | Reverts? | Notes | Molecular Descriptiona | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [_ade1-14_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/ade1) | no | yes | red colonies | TGG-to-TGA nonsense change at codon 244; GGA-to-GAA missense change at codon 185 | [Nakayashiki et al. 2001](https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000060944) |
| [_ade1-101_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/ade1) | no | | simple point mutation causing a requirement for adenine | | [Botstein et al. 1979](http://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/395030) |
| [_ade2-1_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/ade2) | no | yes | ochre mutation | TTA-to-TTG silent change at codon 9, GAA-to-TAA ochre nonsense change at codon 64, AGA-to-GGA missense change at codon 101, GTT-to-GTC silent change at codon 124, ACG-to-ACA silent change at codon 539 | Rodney Rothstein, [Personal communication to SGD](http://wiki.yeastgenome.org/index.php/CommunityW303.html) |
| [_ade2-101_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/ade2) | no | yes | ochre mutation, red colonies | G to T transversion at nucleotide 190, changing codon 64 from a Glu to a Stop | [Gai and Voytas, 2005](https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000087056) |
| [_ade2-BglII_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/ade2) | no | no | red colonies | frameshift (BglII site filled in at position 592) | [Engebrecht and Roeder 1990](https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000049198) |
| [_can1-100_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/can1) | no | yes | ochre mutation | AAA-to-TAA ochre nonsense change at codon 47 | Rodney Rothstein, [Personal communication to SGD](http://wiki.yeastgenome.org/index.php/CommunityW303.html) |
| [_his3delta200_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/his3) | yes | no | Cold sensitive; high frequency of petite formation, especially during transformation. Note that this deletion damages the PET56 promoter. See [Zhang et al. (2003)](https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000074003) for a discussion of this issue. | 1 kb deletion (-205 to 835) | [Struhl 1985](https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000042846); [Fasullo and Davis 1988](https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000046453) |
| [_his3delta1_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/his3) | partial | no | chemically constructed deletion; reversion is undetectable (\< 10(E-9) revertants in a culture). Causes histidine to be required for growth; allows selection of vectors carrying the HIS3 gene. | 187 bp HindIII-HindIII internal deletion (305 to 492) | [Scherer and Davis 1979](https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000040818) [Botstein et al. 1979](http://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/395030) |
| [_his3-11,15_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/his3) | no | no | double mutant | G deletion at nucleotide 208, G deletion at nucleotide 319 | Rodney Rothstein, [Personal communication to SGD](http://wiki.yeastgenome.org/index.php/CommunityW303.html) |
| [_his3delta_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/his3) | yes | no | In the S288C background, the his3 null mutation confers sensitivity to acetic acid. | complete deletion | [Ding et al. 2013](http://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/23828602) |
| [_leu2delta1_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/leu2) | partial | no | | EcoRI-ClaI internal deletion (163 to 649, 0.6 kb) | [Sikorski and Hieter 1989](https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000044428) |
| [_leu2-3,112_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/leu2) | no | no | double mutant; leu2-3 and leu2-112 are each frameshift mutations; the double mutants revert very infrequently (less than 10(E-8) revertants in a culture) and cause leucine to be required for growth. This allows the selection of vectors carrying the LEU2 gene. | GTC-to-GTT silent change at codon 56, GTT-to-GCT missense change at codon 69, G insertion at nucleotide 249, G insertion at nucleotide 792, GTT-to-GTC silent change at codon 299, GAC-to-AAC missense change at codon 300 | [Hinnen et al. 1978](https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000043265);[Gaber and Culbertson 1982](https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000042541); [Meira LB et al., 1995](https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000069760); [Rodney Rothstein, Personal communication to SGD](http://wiki.yeastgenome.org/index.php/CommunityW303.html) [Botstein et al. 1979](http://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/395030) |
| [_leu2delta_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/leu2) | yes | no | In the S288C background, the leu2 null mutation confers sensitivity to acetic acid. | complete deletion | [Ding et al. 2013](http://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/23828602) |
| [_lys2-801_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/lys2) | no | yes | amber mutation | | |
| [_lys2delta202_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/lys2) | partial | no | | XhoI-HpaI internal deletion (1813 to 2864, 1.0 kb) | [Winston et al. 1995](https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000047446) |
| [_lys2delta_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/lys2) | yes | no | In the S288C background, the lys2 null mutation confers sensitivity to acetic acid. | complete deletion | [Ding et al. 2013](http://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/23828602) |
| [_trp1delta1_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/trp1) | yes | no | cold sensitiveb, weak galactose inducer (deletes _GAL3_ UAS), removes _ARS1_, also called _trp1-901_ | 1.45 kb deletion, EcoRI-EcoRI (-102 to 1352) | [Sikorski and Hieter 1989](https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000044428) |
| [_trp1delta63_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/trp1) | partial | no | cold sensitiveb | 0.6 kb deletion, EcoRI-HindIII (-102 to 513) | [Sikorski and Hieter 1989](https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000044428) |
| [_trp1-1_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/trp1) | no | yes | amber mutation | GAG-to-TAG amber nonsense change at codon 83 | [McDonald et al. 1997](https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000041995) |
| [_trp1-1_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/trp1) | no | yes | cold sensitiveb | C to T at residue 403 of the coding sequence, changing residue 135 from glutamine to an amber stop codon | Brian Green and Joachim Li, unpublished results |
| [_trp1delta_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/trp1) | yes | no | In the S288C background, the trp1 null mutation confers sensitivity to acetic acid. | complete deletion | [Ding et al. 2013](http://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/23828602) |
| [_trp1-289_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/trp1) | no | yes | Reverts at low frequency (about 10(E-7) revertants in a culture) and causes tryptophan to be required for growth. | Allows the selection of vectors carrying the TRP1 gene. | [Botstein et al. 1979](http://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/395030) |
| [_trp5delta_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/trp5) | yes | no | In the S288C background, the trp5 null mutation confers sensitivity to acetic acid. | complete deletion | [Ding et al. 2013](http://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/23828602) |
| [_ura3-52_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/ura3) | no | no | | Ty1 insertion (transcribing left to right) at pos. 121 | [Rose and Winston 1984](https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000043686) |
| [_ura3-1_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/ura3) | no | yes | | G to A transition at residue 701 of the coding sequence, changing residue 234 from glycine to glutamate | Yan Li, Glenn Manthey, and Adam Bailis, unpublished results |
| [_ura3delta_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/ura3) | yes | no | In the S288C background, the ura3 null mutation confers sensitivity to acetic acid. | complete deletion | [Ding et al. 2013](http://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/23828602) |
| [_ura4delta_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/ura4) | yes | no | In the S288C background, the ura4 null mutation confers sensitivity to acetic acid. | complete deletion | [Ding et al. 2013](http://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/23828602) |
| | | | | | |

The alleles listed below are described in [Brachmann et al. 1998](https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000041186).

| Allele | Deleted ORF? | Reverts? | Notes | Molecular Descriptiona | Reference |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [_ade2delta::hisG_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/ade2) | no | no | | | [(Aparicio et al. 1991)](https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000048958) |
| [_leu2delta0_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/leu2) | yes | no | designer deletion | | [Brachmann et al. 1998](https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000041186) |
| [_lys2delta0_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/lys2) | yes | no | designer deletion | | [Brachmann et al. 1998](https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000041186) |
| [_met15delta0_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/met15) | yes | no | designer deletion | | [Brachmann et al. 1998](https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000041186) |
| [_ura3delta0_](http://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/ura3) | yes | no | designer deletion | | [Brachmann et al. 1998](https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000041186) |
| | | | | | |

aThe sequence coordinates are relative to the first ATG of the selectable marker ORF, in which the A residue is defined as +1.

bAll trp- strains are cold sensitive ([Singh and Manney 1974](https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000057172)).